In this series of weekly seminars the focus lies on the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey, with a strong emphasis on the continuities between the two periods. Using both modernisation and incorporation as analytical tools, political, cultural and socio-economic change is investigated.
Roster
For any changes in the schedule, see www.tcmo.leidenuniv.nl >Turks >rooster
Method of Instruction
Every week, the participants are required to read in advance the relevant sections from the two books, as well as a small number of selected illustrative texts. Total required reading for each week is between 120 and 140 pages.
The sessions start with a 45 minute introduction by one of the professors teaching the course on that week’s theme. In the second 45 minutes one of the students is required to give a 30 minute presentation of his or her views on the selected texts. Another student acts as discussant and initiates the debate. The final 45 minutes are set aside for debate.
Course objectives
In conclusion, students are expected to write a 3000-word essay in which they relate the discussions in one of the thematic sessions to their own particular field of interest.
Required reading
Two textbooks on the modern history of Turkey are taken as starting point:
Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Erik-Jan Zürcher, Turkey. A modern history. New edition (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003).
A full set of the selected texts in photocopy is available in the office of Prof. Zürcher, building 1173, room 108B. Students are requested to copy the texts for themselves.
Information
Prof. Erik Jan Zürcher (e.j.zurcher@let.leidenuniv.nl).
Blackboard/webpage
Not applicable.
Overview
- Historical Background: Large Empire, Small State (Zürcher)
Quataert: 37-52, 89-109, Zürcher: 11-31; Karl Barbir, “The changing face of the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century. Past and future scholarship,” in Kate Fleet (ed.) The Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century _[= _Oriente moderno _79 (1999)], 253-267; Mehmet Genç, Ottoman industry in the Eighteenth Century, in: Donald Quataert (ed.), _Manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey 1500-1950, Albany: NYU Press, 1994, 59-86; Suraiya Faroqhi, Subjects of the sultan. Culture and daily life in the Ottoman empire, London, 2000, 43-69.- European Penetration: Free Trade and Protected Minorities (Yıldırım)
Quataert: 110-139, Zürcher: 32-51; Reşat Kasaba, The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy, Albany: NYU Press, 1988, 11-35; Reşat Kasaba, ‘Was there a compradore bourgeoisie in mid-Nineteenth Century western Anatolia?”, Review _XI/2 (1988), 215-230; Alexander H. De Groot, “The historical development of the capitulatory regime in the Ottoman Middle East from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries,” in: _Oriente Moderno 22 (83), n.s. (3-2003), 575-604; Leila Fawaz, Merchants and migrants in Nineteenth Century Beirut, Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1983, 1-7 and 85-102. - Modernising State, Modernising Society (Zürcher)
Quataert: 140-171, Zürcher: 52-94. Dietrich Jung with Wolfango Piccoli, Turkey at the crossroads. Ottoman legacies and a greater Middle East, London: Zed, 2001, 11-27. Carter V. Findley, Bureaucratic reform in the Ottoman Empire, Princeton: Princeton UP, 1980, 113-150; Erik-Jan Zürcher (ed.), Arming the state. Military conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia 1775-1925, London: I.B. Tauris, 1999, 79-94; Fatma Müge Göçek, Rise of the bourgeoisie, demise of empire. Ottoman westernization and social change, Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996, 117-137. - In Search of a Panacea: Young Turk Thinkers on Culture and Society (Zürcher)
Zürcher: 97-137; Niyazi Berkes, The development of secularism in Turkey, Montreal: McGill UP, 1964, 253-288, M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Garbcilar: their attitudes toward religion and their impact on the official ideology of the Turkish republic”, Studia islamica 86 (1997/2), 133-158; Şerif Mardin, Continuity and change in the ideas of the Young Turks, Istanbul: Robert College, 1969. - The “National Economy” Programme (Yıldırım)
Ahmed Emin, Turkey in the world war, New Haven: Yale, 1930, 107-143; Zafer Toprak, \“National Economy and Ethnic Relations in Modern Turkey,\” in: Usuki Akira (ed.), State formation and ethnic relations in the Middle East, Osaka; The Japan Center for area Studies, 2001, 187-196; Zafer Toprak, \“Social project in the second constitutional period (Meşrutiyet): solidarity, profession and national economy,\” in Kemal Çiçek (ed.), The great Ottoman, Turkish civilisation <del>2</del> Economy and society, Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2000, 245-263; Zbynek Zeman and Winfried Scharlau, The merchant of revolution. The life of Alexander Israel Helphand _(Parvus), London: Oxford U.P, 1965, 125-144; Feroz Ahmad, “Vanguard of a nascent bourgeoisie: the social and economic policy of the Young Turks 1908-1918” in: Osman Okyar and Halil İnalcık (ed.), _Social and economic history of Turkey 1071-1920, Ankara: Meteksan, 1980 [typescript]. - The Lost Provinces, the Refugee Problem and Ethnic Policies (Zürcher)
Quataert: 54-73, 172-191; Zürcher: 75-79, 119-172; Justin McCarthy, Death and exile. The ethnic cleansing of Ottoman muslims 1821-1922, Princeton: Darwin, 1995, 1-58; Justin McCarthy, “Muslim refugees in Turkey: the Balkan Wars, World War I and the Turkish War of Independence”, in: Population history of the Middle East and the Balkans, Istanbul: Isis, 2002, 27-40; Ronald Gregor Suny, “The holocaust before the holocaust: reflections on the Armenian genocide”, in Hans Lukas Kieser, Dominik Schaller (ed.), The Armenian genocide and the shoah, Zürich: Chronos, 2002, 83-100; - Kemalist Nation-Building, Secularism and Modernisation (Zürcher)
Zürcher: 173-214; Paul Dumont, “The origins of Kemalist ideology”, in: Jacob M. Landau (ed.), Atatürk and the modernization of Turkey, Boulder: Westview, 1984, 25-44; Erik Jan Zürcher, “Two young ottomanists discover kemalist Turkey. The travel diaries of Robert Anhegger and Andreas Tietze”, Journal of Turkish Studies, 26(1-2002), 359-369; Richard D. Robinson, The first Turkish republic. A study in national development, Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1963, 39-64; Andrew Davison, \“Turkey, a “secular”state? The challenge of description,” _South Atlantic Quarterly _102: 2/3 (2003), 333-350. - The Culture of the Republic (Yıldırım)
The new Turkey _(reprint from The Times of 9 August 1938), London: The Times, 1938, 44-47; video: _Türkiye’nin kalbi Ankara _(_Ankara. The heart of Turkey), Moscow, 1933. Murat Katoğlu, “Cumhuriyet Türkiyesinde eğitim, kültür, sanat (Education, culture and art in republican Turkey)” in Sina Akşin (ed.), Türkiye tarihi 4. Çağdaş Türkiye 1908-1980, Istanbul: Cem, 1989, 423-458. [in Turkish!] - The World Crisis and Etatism (Yıldırım)
Roger Owen and Şevket Pamuk, A History of Middle East economies in the Twentieth Century, London: I.B. Tauris, 1998, 10-29, 104-126; Çağlar Keyder, State and class in Turkey. A study in capitalist development, London: Verso, 1987, 91-115; Korkut Boratav, “Kemalist economic policies and étatism,” in: Ali Kazancıgil and Ergun Özbudun (ed.), Atatürk founder of a modern state, London: Hurst, 1981, 165-190; Şevket Pamuk,Turkey’s response to the Great Depression in comparative perspective, 1929-1939, EUI working paper, Florence, 2000. - The New Language (Yıldırım and Zürcher)
Zürcher, 196-200; Geoffrey Lewis, The Turkish language reform. A catastrophic success, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, 1-74; Uriel Heyd,_ Language reform in modern Turkey_, Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1954, 9-56. - The Image of the New Turkey (Yıldırım and Zürcher)
Barbara Ward, Turkey, London: Oxford U.P, 1942, 62-72; İrfan Orga, Phoenix ascendant. The rise of the new Turkey, London: Robert Hale, 1958, 173-189; Stephan Ronart, Turkey to-day, London: Robert Hale, 1938, 206-230; Harold C. Armstrong, Grey wolf. Mustafa Kemal. An intimate study of a dictator, Penguin, 1937, 242-257; Feroz Ahmad, The making of modern Turkey, London: Routledge, 1993, 72-101; Erik Jan Zürcher, The rise and fall of “Modern” Turkey, TULP WPA. - The Ottoman and Kemalist Heritage (Yıldırım and Zürcher)
Necmi Erdoğan, “Kemalist non-governmental organizations: troubled eltes in defence of a sacred heritage” in: Stefanos Yerasimos et al. (ed.), Civil society in the grip of nationalism, Istanbul: Orient Institut, 2000, 251-282; Nicolas Monceau, “The 75th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey and the 700th anniversary of the foundation of the Ottoman state: celebrating past and present modernity” in: Stefanos Yerasimos et al. (ed.), Civil society in the grip of nationalism, Istanbul: Orient Institut, 2000, 283-334.
- European Penetration: Free Trade and Protected Minorities (Yıldırım)
Remarks
The course is primarily intended for MA and MPhil students in the Turkish Studies programme, but PhD students whose work has a historical slant, as well as selected seniors may be admitted. Registration via U-twist.